Hardware emulation arose as a necessity out of the needs of the eighties. By the mid-1980s, semiconductor designs had outgrown the practical limits of gate-level simulation. Gate-level simulation delivered accuracy, but at glacial pace; silicon prototypes performed at real-speed but arrived far too late. The industry needed a new instrument, a verification engine capable of … Read more
FPGA prototyping and hardware emulation originated from two independent demands that emerged at roughly the same time, namely, the necessity to implement digital designs in reconfigurable hardware. This was conceivable given the newly introduced field programmable gate array (FPGA) device. Yet from the very beginning they were driven by different motivations. Hardware emulation emerged from … Read more
The AI industry has converged on a deceptively simple metric: cost per token. It’s easy to understand, easy to compare, and easy to market. Every new system promises to drive it lower. Charts show steady declines, sometimes dramatic ones, reinforcing the impression that AI inference is rapidly becoming cheaper and more efficient. But simplicity, in … Read more
America’s data centers managed to keep their electricity use surprisingly steady from 2005 to 2017, with rather small annual increments contained via constant improvement in electronics. Then, around 2017, AI arrived forcefully and disrupted that stability. AI required a different computing machine, one designed not for ordinary tasks, such as our beloved PC, but for … Read more
A recent analysis highlighted by MIT Technology Review puts the energy cost of generative AI into stark perspective. Generating a simple text response from Llama 3.1-405B—a model with 405 billion parameters, the adjustable “knobs” that enable prediction—requires on average 3,353 joules, nearly 1 watt-hour (Wh). Once cooling and supporting infrastructure are factored in, that figure … Read more
The 40-Year Evolution of Hardware-Assisted Verification — From In-Circuit Emulation to AI-Era Full-Stack Validation For more than a decade, Hardware-Assisted Verification platforms have been the centerpiece of the verification toolbox. Today, no serious semiconductor program reaches tapeout without emulation or FPGA-prototyping playing a central role. HAV has become so deeply embedded in the development flow … Read more
Sandra Rivera, a Silicon Valley veteran who is the former CEO of Altera, an Intel FPGA spinout, and long-time Intel executive, recently became Chair of the Board of Directors of Paris-based VSORA. VSORA, a technology leader redefining AI inference for next-generation data centers, cloud infrastructure and edge, is focused on addressing high-performance, low-latency inference use … Read more
The saying “round pegs do not fit square holes” persists because it captures a deep engineering reality: inefficiency most often arises not from flawed components, but from misalignment between a system’s assumptions and the problem it is asked to solve. A square hole is not poorly made; it’s simply optimized for square pegs. Modern large … Read more